Car Driver

History

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The history of autonomous vehicles started in 1977 with Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, Tsukuba in Japan. In a dedicated, clearly marked course that reached speeds of up to 30 km / h (20 mph) through monitoring of the white markers on the road (special hardware was necessary, since commercial computers were much slower than they are today).

In the 1980s a Mercedes-Benz truck vision-guided robot, designed by Ernst Dickmanns and his team at the Universitt der Bundeswehr in Munich, Germany, reached 100 km / h on streets without traffic. Subsequently, the European Commission began funding the 800 million EUREKA Prometheus Project on autonomous vehicles (1987-1995).

Also in the DARPA-funded Autonomous Land Vehicle (ALV) 1980 in the United States achieved the first demonstration of the road after that used laser radar (Environmental Research Institute of Michigan), computer vision (Carnegie Mellon University and SRI), and autonomous control Robotics (Carnegie Mellon and Martin Marietta) to control a vehicle driver up to 30 km / h. In 1987, HRL Laboratories (formerly Hughes Research Labs) has the first map proven off-road autonomous navigation and sensors based on the ALV. The vehicle was traveling more than 600 meters to 3 km / h in complex terrain with heavy slopes, ravines, boulders, and vegetation.

In 1994, the twin robot vehicles Vita VAMP-2 and Daimler-Benz and Ernst Dickmanns of UniBwM led to more a thousand miles in a three-lane highway in heavy traffic Paris standard at speeds of up to 130 km / h, albeit with semi-autonomous human interventions. They demonstrated autonomous driving in free lanes, convoy driving, and lane changes left and right independent over other cars.

In 1995, Dickmanns autonomous redesigned S-Class Mercedes-Benz made a 1600 km trip from Munich in Bavaria to Copenhagen in Denmark and vice versa, using computer vision saccades and transputers to react in real time. The robot achieved speeds exceeding 175 km / h on the German autobahn, with a mean time between human interventions, 9 km, or 95% autonomous driving. Again, was in traffic, executing maneuvers to overtake other vehicles. Despite being a system research, without emphasis on the reliability of long distance, led to 158 km without human intervention.

In 1995, the project of the University Carnegie Mellon Navlab reached 98.2% autonomous driving in relation to 5000 km (3000 miles) of "no hands across America" tour. This car, however, was semi-autonomous nature: using neural networks to control the steering wheel, but the throttle and brakes were human subject to control.

From 1996-2001, Alberto Broggi, University of Parma launched the Argo Project, who worked in train a Lancia Thema amended to follow the normal (Painted) on a highway lane marks unchanged. The completion of the project was a journey of 2,000 km over six days on the highways of northern Italy called MilleMiglia Automatic, with an average speed of 90 km / h. 94% of the time the vehicle was fully automatic machine with the longest stretching 54 km. Vehicle had only two low-cost cameras and black-white video on board, and is used stereoscopic vision algorithms to understand their environment, rather than the laser "The radar – you need" approach taken by other efforts in the field.

Three U.S. Government funded military effort known as Demo I (Army U.S.), Demo II (DARPA), and III Demo (U.S. Army) are currently underway. Demo III (2001) demonstrated the ability of land vehicles Unmanned to navigate miles of difficult terrain off-road, avoiding obstacles such as rocks and trees. James Albus in the NIST provided the real time system control is a system of hierarchical control. Not only individual vehicles controlled (eg, throttle, steering, and brakes), but different vehicles had coordinated their moves automatically in response to high-level objectives.

During 2002, the DARPA Grand Challenge competition were announced. The 2004 and 2005 DARPA competitions allowed international teams to compete in races of fully autonomous vehicles over rough terrain and unpaved roads in a suburban setting unpopulated. In 2007, DARPA Challenge, DARPA Urban Challenge, autonomous driving cars involved in an urban environment.

In 2008, General Motors said begin testing driverless cars by 2015 and could be on the road in 2018.

Recent Projects

The work done so the date varies significantly in its ambition and its demands in terms of infrastructure changes. In general, there are three approaches:

fully autonomous vehicles

Several improvements to the infrastructure (either whole area, or specific lanes) to create a closed system self-driving.

"Assistance" to gradually eliminate systems requirements from a human controller (eg, improvements to the cruise control)

An important concept that cuts across several of these efforts is platoon vehicle. In order to make better use of road space, vehicles are assembled in ad-hoc training as "platoons", where the driver (either human or automatic) of the first vehicle makes all decisions for the entire platoon. All other vehicles simply follow the example of the first vehicle.

Fully autonomous

fully autonomous driving requires a car to drive itself to a predetermined target using without changing the infrastructure. The ultimate goal of safe transportation door to door in arbitrary environments still not reached yet.

Vehicles for paved roads

The 800 million euros EUREKA Prometheus Project on autonomous vehicles (1987-1995). Among their completion points were the twin robot vehicles VITA VAMP-2 and Daimler-Benz and Ernst Dickmanns, driving long distances in heavy traffic (see the History above).

The third DARPA Grand Challenge competition held in November 2007. 53 teams qualified initially, but after a series of rounds classification, only eleven teams entered the last race. Of these, six full navigation equipment through populated urban environment, and Team Carnegie Mellon University won the $ 2 million.

The ARGO vehicle (see Story # above) is the predecessor of the vehicle BRAIVES, both University of Parma VisLab. Argo was developed in 1996 and showed the world in 1998; BRAIVES was developed in 2008 and first demonstrated in 2009 at the IEEE Conference IV Xi'an, China.

Stanford Racing Team Junior car is a self-drive car for paved roads. It is aimed at civilian use.

The Volkswagen Golf GTI 53 +1 is a modified Volkswagen Golf GTI capable of autonomous driving. 53 1 The Golf GTI features a deployment system that can be integrated into any car. This system is based on the dSpace.This MicroAutoBox since, trying to test the hardware without a human driver VW (for test results consistent).

vehicles at large

There are three types of activity related to road cars released. Some of these are military-oriented projects.

U.S. military DARPA Grand Challenge

Main article: DARPA Grand Challenge

The Department of Defense announced on July 30, 2002 a "Grand Challenge" for U.S. teams to produce a vehicle autonomously navigate and reach a destination in the desert south west U.S..

In March 2004 was the first competition of Justice, for a cash prize of $ 1 million. None of the 25 participants completed the course. However, in the second contest held in October 2005, five different teams completed the 135 miles (217 km) course, and the team of Stanford University won the $ 2 million.

03 November 2007, the third competition was held and $ 3.5 million in cash prizes, trophies and medals were awarded. Six-drive vehicles were able to complete the 55 miles of urban traffic in 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge Race style rally. 1st Place – Tartan Racing, Pittsburgh, PA 2nd Place – Team Racing Stanford, Stanford, CA, 3rd Place – Victor Tango, Blacksburg, Virginia.

Trial of European Ground Robot (ELROB)

The German Department Defense held a trade fair exhibitions (ELROB) to demonstrate the automated vehicles in May 2006. The event included a number of automated robots and control military Remote for various military uses. Some of the systems on the screen can be ordered and implemented immediately. In August 2007 a civilian version of the event took place in Switzerland.

Smart team from Switzerland, "a vehicle for autonomous navigation and mapping in outdoor environments". For images ELROB their demo, see this.

The Israeli military-industrial complex

As a continuation of his success with non-combat aerial vehicles manned, and after the construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier has been a significant interest in the development of a border patrol vehicle fully automated. Two projects by Elbit Systems and Israel Aircraft Industries are based on local production Armored "Tomcar" and is intended barrier fences specific patrolling off intrusion.

The "SciAutonics II" The DARPA Challenge team in 2004 using the version of the Elbit Tomcar.

pre-built infrastructure

The following projects were designed as practical attempts to use the technology available progressively to solve specific problems, such as transportation within a defined campus area, or driving along a stretch of highway. The technologies are tested, and the main obstacle to widespread implementation is the cost of infrastructure deployment. Such systems already in operation at many airports, railways and in some European cities.

Dual mode transit – monorail

There are a number of projects, all currently still in experimental phase, which combine the flexibility of a private car with the benefits of a monorail system. The idea is that privately owned cars are built with the ability to attach a public monorail, where they become part of a centralized, fully computerized transport systemore like a driverless train system (as already has been found in airports) that a car without a driver. This idea is also known as dual-mode transit. (See also personal rapid transit for another concept in this sense, for purely public transport.)

Groups working on this concept are:

RUF (Denmark)

BiWay (United Kingdom)

ATN (New Zealand)

TriTrack (Texas, United States)

The automated highway

Systems Automated Highway (AHS) is an effort to build special lanes on existing roads to be equipped with magnets or other infrastructure for vehicles remain in the center of the lane, while communication with other vehicles (and with a central system) to avoid the collision and traffic management. As the dual-mode monorail, the idea is that cars are kept private and independent, and just use the AHS system as a quick way to move along routes designated. AHS allows specially equipped cars to join the system by using special "acceleration lanes and exit lanes of deceleration. To the out of each vehicle system checks that the driver is ready to take control of the vehicle, and if that is not the case, the car park system in an area previously designee.

Some implementations use the radar to avoid collisions and to coordinate the speed.

One example that uses this implementation is the demonstration AHS of 1997 near San Diego, sponsored by the U.S. government in coordination with the State of California and Carnegie Mellon University. The test site is one of 12 km High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) segment of Interstate 15, 16 miles north of downtown San Diego. The event generated media coverage both.

This concerted effort by the U.S. government seems to have been almost abandoned due to social and political forces, above all the will to create a more futuristic and less commercial solution.

Since 2007, a three-year project is underway to allow robot-controlled vehicles, including buses and trucks, to use a special lane along Interstate 20 805. The intention is to allow vehicles to travel distances lower after and thereby allow more vehicles to use lanes. Vehicles and drivers will still need to enter and exit the special lanes. The system SWOOP is designed by Technology, based in San Diego County.

Free-ranging on the grid

Frog Navigation Systems (Netherlands Netherlands), the frog is applied (released on the grid) technology. The technology consists of a set of autonomous vehicles and a central control system. The company purpose-built electric vehicles are located in odometry readings, recalibrating occasionally with a "maze" of magnets embedded in the environment, and GPS. Cars avoid collisions with obstacles placed in the environment using a laser (long range) and ultra-sonic (short range) sensors.

The vehicles are completely autonomous and plan their own routes from A to B. The control system only runs the operations and directs traffic when necessary. The system has been applied both indoors and outdoors and in environments where machines operating 100 + vehicles (container port). At this time the system is not adequate but to run the large number of vehicles found in an urban environment. The company also intends to develop this technology at this time.

The FROG system is deployed for industrial factory sites, and is marketed as a pilot system of public transportation in the city of Capelle aan den Ijssel by its 2getthere subsidiary. This system has experienced an accident that turned out to be caused by human error.

Frog Navigation Systems is one of the few companies fully commercial in this area.

Driver assistance

Although these products and the projects are specifically aimed at creating a car completely autonomous, they are seen as incremental steps in that direction. Many of the technologies listed below will probably serve as components of any car driverless future as marketed as devices that assist human drivers in one form or another. This approach is slow drip into standard cars (eg, improvements in cruise control).

driver assistance mechanisms are of several different types, sensory-informational, action, corrective and systemic.

Sensorial-informative

These systems warn or inform the driver about events that may have gone unnoticed, as

Warning system Lane Departure (LDWS), for example, Iteris or Mobileye NV

alarm mirrors to detect obstacles behind.

makes it easier for the driver, the blind spots and enhanced vision systems such as radar, wireless communications and vehicle safety night vision.

Based on infrastructure, driver warning / information delivery systems, such as those developed by the Japanese government

-Corrective Action

These systems modify the driver instructions to implement in a more effective, for example, the system most widely deployed of these is the ABS, address assisted by the reverse is not a control mechanism, but only for your convenience – it is not involved in making decisions.

antilock brake system (ABS) (also of emergency brake assist (EBA), often in conjunction with electronic force distribution (EBD), which prevents the brakes from locking and losing traction braking. This shortens stopping distances in most cases and, more importantly, allows the driver to steer the vehicle during braking.

Traction control system (TCS) actuates brakes or reduces throttle to restore traction if driven wheels begin to spin.

Wheel drive (AWD) with a differential central. The distribution of power to all four wheels lessens the chances of wheel spin. It also suffers less from oversteer and understeer.

Electronic Control Stability (ESC) (also known as Mercedes-Benz owner Electronic Stability Program (ESP), Acceleration Slip Regulation (ASR) and electronic locking differential (EDL)). It uses different sensors to intervene when the car senses a possible loss of control. The vehicle control unit can reduce power engine and even apply the brakes at individual wheels to prevent the car understeer or oversteer.

Dynamic steering response (DSR) corrects the type of steering system to suit the vehicle speed and road conditions.

An overhaul of the "feeling" corrective action in a convertible Jaguar XK.

Driver assistance Preview Popular Science (dated 2004).

Note: Locking electronic differential (EDL) employed by Volkswagen is not – as its name suggests – a differential lock at all. Sensors monitor wheel speeds, and if one is spinning much faster than the other (ie slipping) the EDL system momentarily brakes it. This effectively transfers all power to the wheel.

Systemic

Automatic Parking: for example, technology Toyota selling for $ 700, with 70% utilization rate. The Lexus LS can park itself (parallel or reverse) through the 'Advanced Parking Guidance System' but only the control of management.

Follow another car on a motorway ("Enhanced" or "adaptive" cruise control), such as Ford, Honda and Vauxhall (GM).

"Nissan Distance Control help

Death Brake; there is a move to introduce deadman braking in automotive applications, primarily heavy vehicles place, and it may be necessary to add switches penalty cruise controls.

See also security features.

Existing and missing technologies

To drive a car, a system must:

Understand their immediate environment (Sensors)

Know where and where to go (browse)

Finding your way in traffic (movement planning)

Operate vehicle mechanics (Action)

Possibly, 2 1 / 2 of these problems are now fixed: full navigation and maneuvering, and partially sensors, but improving fast. The main part is to solve the motion planning.

Sensors

The sensors used in cars without drivers vary from minimalist black and white stereoscopic video ARGO project to intermodal (of Mobileye, infrared, laser, radar) approach. The minimalist approach mimics the situation more closely, while that the multimodal approach is "greedy" in the sense that it is to get as much information as possible with current technology, even at the expense of system detection time when a car is interfering with another.

Mobileye NV is a technology company that focuses on the development of vision based in driver assistance systems Avanzada (ADAS) providing warnings to prevent and mitigate collisions. Mobileye offers a wide range of security solutions drivers that combines image processing artificial vision, multiple technology applications and information technology. detection systems Mobileye vehicles are currently only used for driver assistance, but they are well suited to a car without full-fledged driver. This video shows the capabilities system: all the pedestrians, cars, bikes etc clearly on video, with a frame around them and the distance between "our" car and the observed object. The system also detects the movement of objects (speed and direction) and thus can calculate relative velocities, and predict collisions.

Japanese article IR

some things about the DARPA challenge ….

Way to sign recognition

Navigation

The ability to trace a route from a vehicle to where the user wants to be has been available for several years. These systems, based on Global Positioning System U.S. military already available as standard accessories of the car, and the use of satellite transmissions to determine the current location, and a street-board database to obtain a route to the target. More sophisticated systems also receive radio updates roadblocks, and adapt accordingly. There are also sensors that greatly affect As the whole nature of it.

See main article on car navigation systems.

Motion planning

PMP + YouTube SLAMMOT

This is the problem of current research. See main article on the issue of motion planning.

Vehicle Control

As automotive technology advances, more and more functions of the underlying machine, gearbox etc are no longer directly controlled by the driver by mechanical means, but rather through a computer, which receives instructions from the controller as inputs and provides the desired effect by means of control electronic throttle, and other drive-by-wire. Therefore, the technology for a computer to control all aspects of a vehicle is well understood.

The work done in the simulation

During the development of control systems for real cars is very costly in terms of time and money, much work can be done in several simulations of complexity. The systems developed using simple simulators can be transferred gradually to the simulators more complex, and ultimately to real vehicles. Some approaches that are based on learning from a simulation requires to be viable at all, for example, evolutionary robotics approaches – see this example.

Social issues

[Original research?]

There are some social issues address as

Getting people to trust the car

Getting legislators to allow the car on the road

Unravel legal issues of liability for any mishaps with any person in charge.

The despair of progress in the near future: The government the UK seems to be little progress until 2056. See article by Silicon Networks and News CNET.co.uk.

Getting people to give up their freedom to drive wherever they want and when they want, without the aid of a computer – though mixed systems with some human-driven motor vehicles and computer some are possible.

Social Costs

The social costs of this innovation are similar to those of other technologies of the past: unemployment, the costs and the elimination of the "old way of doing things." See also Luddites.

As with any new labor-saving technology, this lead to mass layoffs in the driving, loading, and industries distribution. Taxis can also be automated, eliminating a source of income for the less skilled. A similar case is expected to lower impact on the roadside, catering and other ancillary businesses. However, history shows that such economic impact on jobs often leads to economic benefits in other places that create jobs, though not often by the very same people displaced by new technology.

In order to recover development costs, and in order to maximize the chance of benefit than any new show exciting, top-drive car will be significantly more expensive than manual cars.

However, Technology in general is not necessarily confined to the operation of vehicles. Once successfully implemented for vehicles, this technology could be used to run all kinds of routine work and personal assistants for humans. The concept of "machine" would have a whole new meaning.

Lead as a personal hobby and sport, and indeed the entire car-oriented sub-culture would be effectively eliminated. However, for those willing to pay for the extra feature, which could be an option to switch between manual and automated driving to compensate for that.

Discussion and outlook

Some control systems around the center, and in some vehicles is truly autonomous in the sense that "think" about their own situation in the first person this system can be integrate with humans who think at first hand.

By contrast, a system that manages the center of everything, even easier to build from a conceptual framework and engineering standpoint, it would face major financial obstacles due to the costs of converting an entire city or country to the new system at a time. In order to be compatible with human beings the "first person" point of view is the key. This is for three reasons:

distributed scheme that each component (Car) addresses itself reduces the complexity

a system that has the concept of operation in the first person can understand what a driver human is up

human driver to understand what the car without a driver is doing, it is necessary to operate and "think" about as close as as a human as possible (and safe).

Key players

International

The European Union has a number of program billions of euros to support research and development by ad hoc consortia of various members, called Framework Programmes for Research and Development Technology. Several of these projects relate to the theme of cars without drivers, for example:

The project CyberCars gathered much useful data about possible and actual implementations Car Driver for public transport. The main system is discussed on the basis of FROG.

Many of the projects sponsored by EU are coordinated by a group called Ertico.

There are several national associations around the world who are active in research in the field of systems intelligent transportation, a term that seems to cover all that apply technology to improving transportation. In recent years there has been a tendency in this field to move away from the efforts of the most visionary projects, such as cars without drivers, the shorter term, such as public transport and management traffic. Many of these organizations are sponsored by the government, and all cooperate on some level or another. Some of the participating countries are: USA, Australia, Korea South, Taiwan, India – (particularly intelligent vehicles), and Japan, with a cruise assists (see below). A more complete list of can be found here organizations.

Governments

U.S.:

ITS – Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center

Detection Ice Warning and Cooperatives and current Curve Implementation AVCS – NTL Catalog

] Http: / / ntl.bts.gov / display.cfm? Sub = i0 & cat = 9 dead link [

Universities and professional bodies

Berkeley:

VisLab: Laboratory of Machine Vision and Intelligent Systems at the University of Parma

Virginia Tech

IEEE is a company (Intelligent Transportation Systems Society), runs a leading scientific journal, and organizes conferences

Japanese Automobile Research Institute

Advanced Cruise-Assist System Highway Research Organization

Carnegie Mellon University Navlab

UC Berkeley – California PATH

GrayMatter Inc. – a division of Gray's team.

Institute of Technology Autonomous System: at the University of Federal Armed Forces Munich

Voluntary and amateur groups

Autonomous Robots Journal

American Industrial Magic 3 vehicles entered the 2004 DARPA challenge.

At the movies

KITT, the Pontiac TransAm series Automated TV Knight Rider could lead by itself on command

The 1989 Batman movie starring Michael Keaton, the Batmobile is shown to be capable of conducting to the current location of Batman.

The 1990 film Total Recall, starring Arnold Schwarzenegger, apparently controlled taxi has artificial intelligence; it is not clear, however, be truly autonomous vehicles or simply conventional vehicles powered by androids.

The film 1993 Demolition Man, starring Sylvester Stallone, set in 2032, with vehicles that can be self-powered or order of "Auto Mode", where a team voice-controlled operating the vehicle.

The 1994 movie Timecop starring Jean-Claude Van Damme, in 2004 and 1994, has cars that can be self-propelled or order unity in specific locations such as "home."

Another Arnold Schwarzenegger movie, The 6th Day (2000), has a car without driver Michael Rapaport in establishing the fate and your own transport units, whereas Rapaport and talk Schwarzenegger.

The 2002 film Minority Report, established in Washington, DC in 2054, has a car chase sequence without a driver extended personal involvement. The vehicle of the protagonist John Anderton be transported to their systems are overridden by the police in an attempt to stop people.

The 2004 movie I, Robot vehicle features automated driving on the roads of the future, allowing the safest car to travel at higher speeds than if manual control. An interesting concept driving automatic in this film is that people do not trust to drive manually, unlike people do not trust automatic driving today.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to unmanned vehicles

Robotics portal

Autonomous Robot

Artificial intelligence

Intelligent Transportation System

Traffic

Road

Road transport

Robot

Rules of the road

Unmanned Ground Vehicle

Infrastructure Integration vehicle

Vehicle

Future car technologies

References

^ Oliver, Rachel (9/16/2007). "Rachel Oliver" All About: transport hydride ". CNN. Http://www.cnn.com/2007/BUSINESS/09/14/allabout.hybrid/. Retrieved on 03/05/2009.

^ Arth, Spring, Michael (2008). "New Pedestrian: a bridge to the future. "Carbusters Magazine. http://www.carbusters.org/magazine/33/feature3.html. Retrieved on 06/03/2009.

^ Birch, Alex (23/05/2008). '' Most cars can be eliminated in 20 years, says Michael E. Urban designers Arth. Corrupt.org. Http://www.corrupt.org/news/most_cars_can_be_eliminated_in_20_years_says_urban_designer_michael_e_arth. Retrieved on 06/03/2009.

^ "4-D/RCS Reference model architecture for unmanned ground vehicles (PDF). http://www.isd.mel.nist.gov/documents/albus/4DRCS.pdf.

^ Chuck Squatriglia (01/07/2008). "GM says driverless cars may be on the road by 2018." Wired. http://www.wired.com/autopia/2008/01/gm-says-driverl/.

^ Stanford Junior University Car

Volkswagen Golf GTI 53 ^ information

^ 53 +1 VW Golf GTI in action

^ VW Golf GTI 53 1 overview

^ "Robot Buses Pull to San Diego fast lane." Wired. July 24, 2007. http://www.wired.com/cars/futuretransport/magazine/15-08/st_robot. Retrieved on 2007-08-19.

^ "VAG-wheel drive systems and brand names." http://briskoda.net/forums/technical-guides/vag-four-wheel-drive-systems-brand-names/2584/.

External Links

A history of the car without a driver.

A conglomeration of links

A good summary of the EETimes.

Motion Planning for Autonomous Vehicles Car-like

The Economist

Slashdot discussion: animal-inspired robotics on Article The Economist above.

Mobileye Web Site

engadget discussion about how computer-controlled cars can reduce congestion.

Car without driver and support technology

Descriptions of Research Programs of the EU integration for automated transit

Vauxhall set to launch in the world of cars without drivers for the first time in Europe

Daimler-Chrysler

General Motors

Where Robot Cars (Robocars) We really take series by Brad Templeton

EV

Motor settings

Part of the Automobile series

Type Car body

and classification

2 plus 2 Old passenger car Cabrio Cabriolet City car Classic Car Compact Compact Compact car Compact MPV SUV Convertible Coup Coup Crossover SUV utility Drophead Coupé customized car Executive car Fastback full-size car Grand tourer Hardtop Hatchback Hot hatch Hot rod Large family car Leisure activity vehicle Liftback Limousine Luxury vehicle Microcar Mini Mini sized Muscle Car MPV Minivan SUV Notchback Panel van Personal luxury car Pickup Quad retractable hardtop coup Roadster Compact Sport Sedan Station wagon truck Supercar Sports Supermini Targa top Taxi Town Car Touring Car T-top Tow truck Ute Van Voiturette

Specialized vehicles

Amphibious vehicles Gyrocar driverless cars flying cars

Propulsion

technologies

Internal combustion engines for electric vehicles battery electric vehicle Neighborhood electric vehicle Hybrid vehicle Plug-in hybrid vehicle hydrogen fuel cells cars alternative fuel vapor LPG Biodiesel Vehicle Joint E85 ethanol blends gasoline direct injection compression ignition Homogeneous liquid nitrogen

Drive wheels

Two-wheel drive, four wheel drive Front wheel drive Rear-wheel drive

Positioning Engine

Front-engine rear-engined motor

Provision

Front-engine, front-engine front-drive design, rear wheel drive mid-engine design Rear wheel drive mid-engine design, front-wheel drive rear engine design, rear-wheel drive design

Motor configuration

(Internal Combustion

unique types)

Flat engine Flathead engine motor four-stroke engine pushrod engine explosion H Motor Engine cylinder engine Direct Direct six two-stroke engine Motor VW engine Wankel engine

Type of motor fuel

Diesel engine Electric car Gasoline engine Hybrid vehicle Hydrogen vehicle Steam car

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